House Engrossed

 

 

 

State of Arizona

House of Representatives

Fifty-third Legislature

First Regular Session

2017

 

 

HOUSE BILL 2365

 

 

 

AN ACT

 

Amending Title 9, chapter 5, Arizona Revised Statutes, by adding article 8; relating to wireless services.

 

 

(TEXT OF BILL BEGINS ON NEXT PAGE)

 

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Arizona:

Section 1.  Title 9, chapter 5, Arizona Revised Statutes, is amended by adding article 8, to read:

ARTICLE 8.  USE OF PUBLIC HIGHWAYS BY WIRELESS PROVIDERS

START_STATUTE9‑591.  Definitions

In this article, unless the context otherwise requires:

1.  "Antenna" means communications equipment that transmits or receives electromagnetic radio frequency signals and that is used in providing wireless services.

2.  "Applicable Codes" means uniform building, fire, electrical, plumbing or mechanical codes that are adopted by a recognized national code organization or local amendments to those codes that are enacted to address threats of destruction of property or injury to persons and to an extent that is not inconsistent with this article.

3.  "Applicant" means any person that submits an application and is a wireless provider.

4.  "Application" means a request that is submitted by an applicant to an authority for a permit to collocate small wireless facilities or to approve the installation or modification of a utility pole or wireless support structure.

5.  "Authority" means any city, town, special district or political subdivision of this state that is authorized to make legislative, quasi‑judicial or administrative decisions concerning an application. Authority does not include any state court that has jurisdiction over an authority, a special taxing district or an electric cooperative.

6.  "Authority utility pole" means a utility pole that is owned or operated by an authority and that is in a right‑of‑way.  Authority utility pole does not include a pole or similar structure that is used in whole or in part for signage.

7.  "Collocate" or "collocation" means to install, mount, maintain, modify, operate or replace small wireless facilities on or adjacent to a wireless support structure or utility pole.

8.  "Communications service" means cable service as defined in 47 United States Code section 522(6), information service as defined in 47 United States Code section 153(24), telecommunications service as defined in 47 United States Code section 153(53) or wireless services.

9.  "Communications service provider" means a cable operator as defined in 47 United States Code section 522(5), a provider of information service as defined in 47 United States Code section 153(24), a telecommunications carrier as defined in 47 United States Code section 153(51) or a wireless services provider.

10.  "Fee" means a one‑time charge.

11.  "Law" means any federal, state or local law, statute, common law, code, rule, regulation, order or ordinance.

12.  "Permit" means a written authorization required by an authority to install, mount, maintain, modify, operate or replace a utility pole, a wireless support structure or a small wireless facility.

13.  "Person" means an individual, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, association, trust or other entity or organization, including an authority.

14.  "Private easement" means an easement or other real property right that is only for the benefit of the grantor and grantee and the grantor's or grantee's successors and assigns.

15.  "Rate" means a recurring charge.

16.  "Right‑of‑way" means the area on, below or above a public roadway, highway, street, sidewalk, alley or utility easement. Right‑of‑way does not include a federal interstate highway, a state highway or state route under the jurisdiction of the department of transportation, an easement that is granted to a private property owner or a utility easement that does not authorize the deployment sought by the wireless provider.

17.  "Small wireless facility" means a wireless facility that meets both of the following qualifications:

(a)  All antennas are located inside an enclosure of not more than six cubic feet in volume or, in the case of an antenna that has exposed elements, the antenna and all of the antenna's exposed elements could fit within an imaginary enclosure of not more than six cubic feet in volume.

(b)  All other wireless equipment associated with the facility is cumulatively not more than twenty‑eight cubic feet in volume if the equipment is mounted on the utility pole or wireless support structure, or fifty cubic feet in volume if the equipment is ground mounted.  The following types of associated ancillary equipment are not included in the calculation of equipment volume pursuant to this subdivision:

(i)  An electric meter.

(ii)  Concealment elements.

(iii)  A telecommunications demarcation box.

(iv)  Grounding equipment.

(v)  A power transfer switch.

(vi)  A cut-off switch.

(vii)  Vertical cable runs for the connection of power and other services.

18.  "Special taxing district" means a special district formed pursuant to title 48, chapter 11, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 22.

19.  "Utility pole" means a pole or similar structure that is used in whole or in part for communications services, electric distribution, lighting, traffic signaling or signage or a similar function.

20.  "Wireless facility":

(a)  Means equipment at a fixed location that enables wireless communications between user equipment and a communications network, including both of the following:

(i)  Equipment associated with wireless communications.

(ii)  Radio transceivers, antennas, coaxial or fiber-optic cables, regular and backup power supplies and comparable equipment, regardless of technological configuration.

(b)  Includes small wireless facilities.

(c)  Does not include the structure or improvements on, under or within which the equipment is collocated.

21.  "Wireless infrastructure provider" means any person that is authorized to provide telecommunications service in this state, that builds or installs wireless communications transmission equipment, small wireless facilities or wireless support structures but that is not a wireless services provider.  Wireless infrastructure provider does not include a special taxing district.

22.  "Wireless provider" means a wireless infrastructure provider or a wireless services provider.  Wireless provider does not include a telecommunications corporation described in section 9‑582, subsection E or its affiliate.

23.  "Wireless services" means any services, whether at a fixed location or mobile, that are provided to the public using wireless facilities.

24.  "Wireless services provider" means a person that provides wireless services.  Wireless services provider does not include a special taxing district.

25.  "Wireless support structure":

(a)  Means:

(i)  A freestanding structure, such as a monopole.

(ii)  A tower, either guyed or self‑supporting.

(iii)  A billboard.

(iv)  Any other existing or proposed structure designed to support or capable of supporting small wireless facilities.

(b)  Does not include a utility pole. END_STATUTE

START_STATUTE9‑592.  Applicability; wireless provider; use of right‑of‑way; rates and fees; right to access; damage and repair of the right‑of‑way

A.  This section applies to the activities of a wireless provider within a right‑of‑way.

B.  An authority may not enter into an exclusive arrangement with any person for use of a right‑of‑way for the construction, operation, marketing or maintenance of small wireless facilities, utility poles or wireless support structures or the collocation of small wireless facilities.

C.  An authority may charge a wireless provider a rate or fee for the use of a right‑of‑way for the construction, installation, mounting, maintenance, modification, operation or replacement of a utility pole or wireless support structure in the right‑of‑way or the collocation of a small wireless facility in the right‑of‑way, only if the authority charges other communications service providers or publicly, cooperatively or municipally owned utilities for the use of the right‑of‑way and the authority has the legal authority to do so.  If an authority charges a rate or fee pursuant to this section, the rate or fee for a wireless provider must be:

1.  Limited to not more than the direct and actual cost of managing the right‑of‑way.

2.  Competitively neutral in regard to other users of the right‑of‑way, including investor, authority or cooperatively owned entities, unless other users are exempt from such rates or fees under applicable law.

D.  A rate or fee charged pursuant to this section may not do any of the following:

1.  Result in a double recovery where existing rates, fees or taxes already recover the direct and actual costs of managing a right‑of‑way.

2.  Be in the form of a franchise or other fee based on revenue or customer counts.

3.  Be unreasonable or discriminatory.

4.  Exceed an annual amount equal to fifty dollars times the number of small wireless facilities in the authority's geographic jurisdiction placed by the wireless provider.

E.  An authority shall establish and make available rates, fees and terms for the construction, installation, mounting, maintenance, modification, operation or replacement of a small wireless facility, utility pole or wireless support structure by a wireless provider in a right‑of‑way controlled by the authority, including collocation in the right‑of‑way, within six months after the effective date of this section or three months after receiving a request by a wireless provider, whichever is later.  The rates, fees and terms must be made available for acceptance by a wireless provider.  At the wireless provider's option, a wireless provider may request different or additional terms that the parties shall negotiate in good faith.  Documents that reflect rates, fees and terms with each wireless provider are public record. Rates, fees and terms must comply with this section and meet the following requirements:

1.  Terms may not be unreasonable or discriminatory and may not violate any applicable law.

2.  Terms may include requirements applicable to other users of the right‑of‑way.

3.  Terms may require that the wireless provider's operation of the small wireless facilities in the right‑of‑way does not interfere with the authority's public safety communications.

4.  Terms may require reasonable accommodations with respect to adopted plans for the removal of authority utility poles for undergrounding purposes.  Such terms shall provide for reasonable notice to the wireless provider.

5.  Terms may not require the placement of small wireless facilities on any specific utility pole or category of poles or require multiple antenna systems on a single utility pole.

6.  Terms may not limit the placement of small wireless facilities by minimum separation distances.

F.  Agreements between authorities and wireless providers that relate to the collocation of small wireless facilities in the right‑of‑way remain in effect, if:

1.  The wireless provider may accept the rates, fees and terms provided under subsection E of this section for new deployments of small wireless facilities, utility poles and wireless support structures.

2.  The agreements may be terminated in accordance with the agreement's terms, and, if so terminated, the wireless provider may accept the rates, fees and terms provided under subsection E of this section for small wireless facilities, utility poles and wireless support structures deployed before the termination of the agreement.

G.  Subject to this section and the approval of an application, if required, a wireless provider may collocate small wireless facilities and construct, install, modify, mount, maintain, operate and replace utility poles, wireless support structures, conduit, cable and related appurtenances and facilities that are associated with the collocation of small wireless facilities along, across, on and under the right‑of‑way.  A new or modified utility pole or wireless support structure installed in the right‑of‑way is not subject to zoning review and approval if it does not exceed the greater of ten feet in height above the tallest existing utility pole, other than a utility pole supporting only wireless facilities, that is in place as of the effective date of this section, that is located within five hundred feet of the new utility pole and that is in the same right‑of‑way, or forty feet above ground level.  New small wireless facilities collocated in the right‑of‑way are not subject to zoning review and approval if they do not extend more than ten feet above an existing utility pole or wireless support structure in place as of the effective date of this section or above the height permitted for a new utility pole or wireless support structure under this section.

H.  An authority may require an application under this section for the installation of new or modified utility poles or wireless support structures.  An authority shall approve an application unless the authority finds that the structure or facilities fail to comply with either of the following:

1.  Applicable codes.

2.  local code provisions or regulations that concern:

(a)  Public safety.

(b)  Objective design standards and reasonable stealth and concealment requirements.

(c)  Undergrounding requirements that prohibit the installation of new structures in a right‑of‑way without prior approval, if such requirements include a waiver process and do not prohibit the replacement of existing structures and facilities.

I.  An authority shall process applications under subsection H of this section in compliance with applicable law. If an authority fails to approve or deny an application within the time specified by applicable law, the application shall be deemed approved.  Application fees shall be subject to the same requirements specified in section 9‑594, subsection D.

J.  The construction, installation, mounting, maintenance, modification, operation or replacement for which a permit is granted shall begin within one hundred eighty days after the permit issuance date and be diligently pursued to completion, unless the authority and wireless provider agree to extend this period or if a delay is caused by a lack of commercial power at the site.  Approval of an application by an authority authorizes the applicant to do both of the following:

1.  Undertake the requested deployment.

2.  Subject to applicable relocation requirements and the wireless provider's right to terminate at any time, operate and maintain the new or modified utility pole, wireless support structure or small wireless facility for a period of not less than ten years, which must be renewed for equivalent durations unless the authority makes a finding that the new or modified utility pole, wireless support structure or small wireless facility does not comply with applicable codes or the local code provisions described in subsection H, paragraph 2 of this section.

K.  An authority may require a wireless provider to repair all damage to an authority's property that is directly caused by the activities of the wireless provider or the wireless provider's contractor while occupying, installing, repairing or maintaining small wireless facilities, wireless support structures or utility poles in the right‑of‑way and to return the damaged property to the same condition as before the damage pursuant to the competitively neutral, reasonable requirements and specifications of the authority.  If the wireless provider fails to make the repairs required by the authority within a reasonable time after written notice, the authority may make the repairs and charge the applicable party the reasonable, documented cost of the repairs. END_STATUTE

START_STATUTE9‑593.  Applicability; collocation of small wireless facilities; permits; application; fee; application fee limitations

A.  This section applies to the activities of a wireless provider within or outside of a right‑of‑way.

B.  Except as provided in this section and sections 9‑592, 9‑594 and 9‑595, as applicable, an authority may not prohibit, regulate or charge for the collocation of small wireless facilities.

C.  A small wireless facility is classified as a permitted use and is not subject to zoning review or approval if the small wireless facility is collocated in a right‑of‑way in any zone or outside of a right‑of‑way in property that is not zoned for single‑family residential use.

D.  An authority may require an applicant to obtain one or more permits to collocate a small wireless facility if the permit requirement is of general applicability and does not apply exclusively to wireless facilities. An applicant seeking to collocate multiple small wireless facilities within the jurisdiction of a single authority may file a consolidated application and receive a single permit for the collocation of up to thirty-five small wireless facilities if the collocations each involve substantially the same type of small wireless facilities and substantially the same type of structure.

E.  An application must include an attestation that the small wireless facilities will be collocated on the utility pole or wireless support structure and that the small wireless facilities will be operational for use by a wireless services provider to provide service within one year after the date on which the application is granted.

F.  An authority shall:

1.  Accept applications for, process and issue permits to collocate small wireless facilities.

2.  Within twenty days after receiving an application, determine and notify the applicant whether the application is complete.  If an applicant is not notified within the twenty‑day period, the application is deemed complete.  If an application is incomplete, the authority must specifically identify the information missing from the application.

3.  Process each application on a nondiscriminatory basis.  a complete application is deemed approved if the authority fails to approve or deny the application within sixty days after receiving the application.

4.  Approve an application unless the application does not meet the applicable codes or local code provisions that concern public safety or reasonable stealth and concealment requirements. If an authority determines that applicable codes or such local code provisions or regulations require that the utility pole or wireless support structure be replaced before the requested collocation, approval may be conditioned on such replacement.

5.  If an application is denied, document the basis for a denial, including the specific code provisions or regulations on which the denial was based, and send the documentation to the applicant on or before the date that the application is denied.  If an application includes multiple small wireless facilities, the authority may approve one or more of the small wireless facilities and deny one or more of the small wireless facilities and may issue separate permits for each collocation.  The applicant may cure the deficiencies identified by the authority and resubmit the application within thirty days after the denial without paying an additional application fee.  The authority shall approve or deny the revised application within thirty days after receiving the revised application. Any subsequent review is limited to the deficiencies cited in the denial.

G.  An authority may not:

1.  Directly or indirectly require an applicant to perform services that are unrelated to the collocation for which approval is sought, such as in‑kind contributions to the authority, including reserving fiber, conduit or pole space on the wireless provider's pole for the authority.

2.  Require an applicant to provide more information to obtain a permit than the authority requires of a communications service provider that is not a wireless provider and that requests to attach facilities to a structure. An authority may require the applicant to certify that the small wireless facilities to be collocated comply with the federal communications commission's regulations concerning frequency emissions referenced in 47 United States Code section 332(c)(7)(B)(iv).

3.  Institute, either expressly or de facto, a moratorium on filing, receiving or processing applications or issuing permits or other approvals, if any, for the collocation of a small wireless facility.

4.  Require an application for routine maintenance or the replacement of small wireless facilities with small wireless facilities that are substantially similar or the same size or smaller.  An authority may require a permit to work within a right‑of‑way for such activities, if applicable.  A permit issued pursuant to this paragraph is subject to the requirements of this section.

H.  Collocation for which a permit is granted shall begin within one hundred eighty days after the permit issuance date and be diligently pursued to completion, unless the authority and the wireless provider agree to extend this period or if a delay is caused by the lack of commercial power at the site.  Approval of an application by an authority shall allow the applicant to do both of the following:

1.  Collocate the small wireless facilities.

2.  Subject to applicable relocation requirements and the wireless provider's right to terminate at any time, operate and maintain the small wireless facilities for a period of not less than ten years, which must be renewed for equivalent durations unless the authority makes a finding that the small wireless facilities do not comply with the applicable codes or local code provisions or regulations described in subsection F, paragraph 4 of this section.

I.  An authority may charge an application fee only if an application fee is required for similar types of commercial development within the authority.  An application fee is limited to the actual, direct and reasonable costs that are incurred by the authority and that relate to the granting or processing of an application.  An application fee shall be reasonably related in time to the incurring of such costs.  If such costs are already recovered by existing fees, rates or taxes that are paid by a wireless provider, an authority may not charge an application fee to recover such costs.  An application fee may not include:

1.  Third‑party travel expenses that are incurred to review an application.

2.  The direct payment or reimbursement of third‑party rates or fees that are charged on a contingency basis or pursuant to a result‑based arrangement.

J.  The total application fee, if allowed, may not exceed the lesser of the amount charged by the authority for a building permit for any similar commercial construction, activity or land use development or one hundred dollars each for up to five small wireless facilities addressed in an application and fifty dollars for each additional small wireless facility addressed in the application.

K.  This section does not allow a person to collocate small wireless facilities on a privately owned utility pole, a privately owned wireless support structure or private property without the consent of the property owner. END_STATUTE

START_STATUTE9‑594.  Applicability; structures subject to zoning; time frames; application; fees

A.  This section applies to zoning reviews for the following activities that take place inside of a right‑of‑way if the activities are not exempt from zoning review and approval under section 9‑592, subsection G or section 9‑593, subsection C:

1.  The modification of existing or the installation of new wireless support structures, utility poles or wireless facilities.

2.  The collocation of wireless facilities.

B.  An authority shall:

1.  Accept and process applications for the modification of existing or the installation of new wireless support structures, utility poles or wireless facilities and the collocation of wireless facilities.

2.  Within thirty days after receiving an application, notify the applicant whether the application is complete.  If an application is incomplete, the authority must specifically identify the information missing from the application.

3.  Process each complete application on a nondiscriminatory basis. A complete application is deemed approved if the authority fails to approve or deny the application within one hundred fifty calendar days after receipt of an application for the modification of existing or the installation of new wireless support structures, utility poles or wireless facilities or within ninety calendar days after receipt of a complete application for the collocation of wireless facilities.  The time period for approval may be tolled to accommodate timely requests for information required to complete the application or may be extended by mutual agreement between the applicant and authority.

4.  If a complete application is denied, notify the applicant in writing and provide substantial supporting evidence in the written record. The written notification of the denial and the supporting evidence shall be publicly released contemporaneously.  If an application is denied, there must be a reasonable basis for the denial.  An authority may not deny an application if the denial is discriminatory against the applicant with respect to the placement of the facilities of other wireless providers.

C.  An authority may not:

1.  Require an applicant to submit information about the applicant's business decisions regarding the need for the wireless support structure, utility pole or wireless facilities.

2.  Require an applicant to submit information about, or evaluate an applicant's business decisions regarding the applicant's service, customer demand for service or quality of service.

3.  Institute, either expressly or de facto, a moratorium on filing, receiving or processing applications or issuing approvals for modifications or installations that are not a permitted use.

D.  An authority, in addition to other rights the authority has under federal, state or local law, may:

1.  Adopt reasonable requirements regarding the appearance and concealment of facilities, including those relating to materials used for arranging, screening or landscaping.

2.  Adopt setback or fall zone requirements that are substantially similar to a setback or fall zone requirement that is imposed on other types of commercial structures of a similar height.

3.  Charge an application fee.  Any application fee is subject to the requirements provided in section 9‑593, subsection I.  The total application fee, if allowed, may not exceed the lesser of the amount charged by the authority for a permit for any similar commercial construction, activity or land use development or one thousand dollars for the modification of existing or the installation of new wireless support structures, utility poles or wireless facilities or a substantial modification of a wireless support structure.

E.  An applicant's business decisions regarding the type and location of wireless facilities, wireless support structures or utility poles or the technology to be used are presumed to be reasonable.  This presumption does not apply to the height or appearance of wireless facilities, wireless support structures or utility poles. An authority may consider the height of such structures in the zoning review, provided that it does not unreasonably discriminate between the applicant and other communications service providers that install small wireless facilities.

F.  The approval term of an application does not expire, except that construction of the approved structure or facilities shall begin within one year after final approval and be diligently pursued to completion. END_STATUTE

START_STATUTE9‑595.  Access to authority utility poles; rates and fees; collocations for other commercial projects or uses

A.  An authority may not enter into an exclusive arrangement with any person for the right to attach to authority utility poles.

B.  The rates and fees for collocation on authority utility poles shall be nondiscriminatory regardless of the services provided by the collocating person.  Application fees may not exceed one hundred dollars per collocation.

C.  The rate to collocate on authority utility poles may not exceed fifty dollars per year.

D.  An authority shall establish and make available rates, fees and terms for the collocation of small wireless facilities on authority utility poles within six months after the effective date of this section or three months after receiving a request to collocate the first small wireless facility on such poles, whichever is later.  The rates, terms and conditions shall be made available for acceptance by a wireless provider. at the wireless provider's option, a wireless provider may request different or additional terms that the parties shall negotiate in good faith.  Documents reflecting rates, fees and terms with each wireless provider shall be made publicly available.  The rates, fees and terms shall comply with the following requirements:

1.  The rates, fees and terms must be nondiscriminatory, competitively neutral and commercially reasonable and comply with this section and section 9‑592, subsection E.

2.  The parties shall comply with the process for make‑ready work under 47 United States Code section 224 and the implementing regulations. The good faith estimate of the person that owns or controls the pole for any make‑ready work necessary to enable the pole to support the requested collocation shall include pole replacement, if necessary.

3.  The authority may not require more make‑ready work than is required to meet the requirements of applicable codes or industry standards.  Fees for make‑ready work may not include costs related to preexisting or prior damage or noncompliance.  Fees for make‑ready work, including any pole replacement, may not exceed actual costs or the amount charged to other communications service providers for similar work and may not include any consultant fees or expenses.

E.  Agreements between authorities and wireless providers that relate to the collocation of small wireless facilities on authority utility poles remain in effect, provided that:

1.  The wireless provider may accept the rates, fees and terms provided under subsection D of this section for new deployments of small wireless facilities.

2.  The agreements may be terminated in accordance with the agreement's terms, and, if so terminated, the wireless provider may choose to accept the rates, fees and terms provided under subsection D of this section for small wireless facilities.

F.  An authority shall authorize the collocation of small wireless facilities on wireless support structures that are owned or controlled by an authority and that are located within a right‑of‑way to the same extent the authority permits access to such structures for other commercial projects or uses.  collocations for other commercial projects or uses are subject to reasonable and nondiscriminatory rates, fees and terms as provided in an agreement between the authority and the wireless provider. END_STATUTE

START_STATUTE9‑596.  Scope of local authority

A.  Subject to this article and applicable federal law, an authority may exercise zoning, land use, police power, planning and permitting authority within the authority's territorial boundaries, including for wireless support structures and utility poles.

B.  An authority does not have any jurisdiction or authority over the design, engineering, construction, installation or operation of any small wireless facility located in an interior structure or on the site of any campus, stadium or athletic facility that is not owned or controlled by the authority, other than to comply with applicable codes.

C.  This article does not authorize this state or any political subdivision, including an authority, to require small wireless facility deployment or to regulate wireless services. END_STATUTE

START_STATUTE9‑597.  Dispute resolution

A court of competent jurisdiction shall determine all disputes arising under this article.  Complaints shall be resolved not later than one hundred days after a complaint or petition is filed. END_STATUTE

START_STATUTE9-598.  General requirements for use of the right‑of‑way

Structures and facilities deployed by wireless providers pursuant to this article shall be constructed and maintained as to not obstruct, endanger or hinder the usual travel or public safety on the right‑of‑way or damage or interfere with any other utility facilities or a utility's use of the utility's facilities in the right-of-way.  Construction and maintenance by the wireless provider shall comply with the national electrical safety code and all applicable laws and regulations for the protection of underground and overhead utility facilities. An authority shall treat wireless providers' facilities located within a right‑oF-way on an equal basis with other utilities' facilities, except that an authority may adopt reasonable regulations to address the separation of the wireless provider's facilities from the other utility facilities within the right‑of‑way to prevent any damage to or interference with such other utility facilities or a utility's use of the utility's facilities located or to be located within the right-of-way. END_STATUTE

START_STATUTE9-599.  Applicability

This article does not:

1.  Affect the authority of a special taxing district, investor‑owned electric utility or electric cooperative that owns, controls or operates utility poles or wireless support structures to deny, limit, restrict or determine the rates, fees, terms and conditions for the use of or attachment to its utility poles or wireless support structures by a wireless provider.

2.  Confer on any authority any zoning, land use, planning, permitting or other regulatory authority over the utility poles, wireless support structures or small wireless facilities owned, controlled or operated by a special taxing district, investor‑owned electric utility or electric cooperative or the installation of such utility poles, wireless support structures or small wireless facilities by a special taxing district, investor‑owned electric utility or electric cooperative.

3.  Amend, modify or otherwise affect any private easement. Any and all rights for the use of the right‑of‑way are subject to the rights granted pursuant to any private easement.END_STATUTE